Озера как аккумуляторы микропластика на пути с суши в мировой океан: обзор исследований

В работе обобщена информация о закономерностях переноса и накопления микропластика в поверхностных водах суши в сравнении их с континентальными морями. Анализируются сведения, опубликованные в зарубежной и отечественной литературе. Представлен сравнительный анализ оригинальных материалов, полученный авторами в процессе исследований в Балтийском море и Онежском озере с применением идентичных методов определения микропластика, проведено сравнение результатов. Особое внимание уделено путям и объемам поступления микропластика в континентальные моря и Мировой океан. Выявлено статистически бóльшее количество микропластика в донных осадках Онежского озера по сравнению с осадками Балтийского моря. Обсуждены возможные причины такого различия. Волокна являются наиболее распространенной формой микропластика в Балтийском море и Онежском озере. В донных осадках волокна аккумулируются преимущественно в зонах осадконакопления с низкой гидродинамической активностью (для Балтийского моря – глубины больше 80 м, для открытой части Онежского озера – больше 40 м, для крупных заливов – 20 м). Наблюдается связь содержания волокон с параметрами донных осадков. Термохалинная структура влияет на вертикальное распределение микропластика в водном столбе, замедляя его осаждение. В озерах аккумулируются преимущественно гидродинамически тяжелые частицы: полимеры с высокой удельной плотностью, фрагменты, гранулы, пленки. Доля волокон в общем пуле микропластика в осадках озера меньше, чем в море. Озера выполняют роль фильтров, очищая поверхностные воды суши по мере их поступления в континентальные моря и Мировой океан от микропластика, становясь при этом их первичным накопителем.

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