Small urban Parks in the Russian Arctic Cities: Priority Ecosystem Functions and Services Promoting City Resilience
https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869607122050032
Abstract
The research highlighted the role of small city parks (pocket parks, squares) in promoting the resilience of cities in the Arctic region of Russia. The model cities were Murmansk, Kirovsk, and Vorkuta situated in the European North of Russia. Their modern ecological and geographical characteristics are different, but their green infrastructure has many common features typical to the majority of Arctic cities. Special attention was given to specific regional ecosystem functions of green infrastructure, which are different from more southern regions. Studies of these functions are needed to develop nature-based solutions for providing urban population well-being and biodiversity support, effective management of urban green infrastructure, and ensuring the resilience of social-ecological systems. This is proven by the existing practice which is still limited geographically and mainly concerns large parks. The goal of this research was to demonstrate specific regional ecosystem functions of small city parks, which are different from the ones of large parks in this region. Small urban parks nowadays are mainly regarded as recreational territories, even though they can contribute to creating an important balance between social and natural systems and support the social branch of urban resilience in uncomfortable living conditions. Their ecosystem services differ from those in more southern latitudes. Information ecosystems services (chromatic, aesthetic) are particularly important. They provide a platform for developing social cohesion and creating a sense of place, which allows to withstand negative social processes typical for many cities in the Russian Arctic. Further studies are needed for spiritual ecosystem services as well as for possible ways of monetary assessment of information/cultural ecosystem services. Green infrastructure management of small city parks in the Arctic region requires special attention from municipal authorities.
About the Authors
A. V. Evseev
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 199991
T. M. Krasovskaya
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 199991
References
1. Arctic Human Development Report: Regional Processes and Global Linkages // TemaNord. 2014. № 507. P. 1–503. https://doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-567
2. Baburin V.L., Goryachko M.D., Zemzov S.P. et al. Natural factors of urbanized spaces development in the Arctic zone of Russia // Voprosy Geografii. 2016. Vol. 142: Geography of Polar regions. P. 47–56. URL: http://www.elib.rgo.ru [Assessed 15.12.2020] (In Russian with English summary).
3. Barreteau O., Ricci F. Sense of place in socio-ecological dynamics // The Third International Science and Policy Conference on the resilience of social & ecological systems. 2014. Montpellier Abstract 23954. URL: http:// www.resilience2014.org [Assessed 15.01.2021].
4. Benedict V., McMahon E. Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation for the 21st Century// Renewable Resources Journal.2002. Vol. 20. № 3. P. 12–17.
5. Bitterman N., Simonov E. Multisensory design of pocket gardens for reducing stress and improving well-being, performance and satisfaction// The Design Journal. 2017. № 20. P. 2418–2425. https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352755
6. Bousquet F., A. Botta, L. Alinovi O. et al. Resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation // Ecology and Society. 2016. Vol. 21. № 3. Art. 40. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08754-210340
7. De Groot R., Brander L., Solomonides S. Update of global ecosystem service valuation database (ESVD). FSD report № 2020-06. Wageningen, The Netherlands. 2020. 58 pp.
8. Dushkova D., Haase D. Not Simply Green: Nature-Based Solutions as a Concept and Practical Approach for Sustainability Studies and Planning Agendas in Cities // Land. 2020. Vol. 9. № 1. P. 1–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9010019
9. Ecosystem Services of Russia: Prototype of the National Report. Services of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Moscow: Biodiversity Conservation Center Publishers, 2016. 148 pp.
10. Evseev A., Krasovskaya T. Prioritization of green infrastructure ecosystem services for Subarctic cities: Landscape Science and Landscape Ecology: Considering Responses to Global Challenges. IALE-Russia International Online Conference, Book of Abstracts. 2020. Moscow. Abstract. 200. URL: http://www.iale.conflab.ru [Assessed 25.10.2020].
11. Esau I., Miles V. Warmer urban climates for development of green spaces in northern Siberian cities // Geography, Environment, Sustainability. 2016. Vol. 9. P. 48–62.
12. Fedorov B.G. Russian carbon balance. Moscow: Nauchny consultant, 2017. 82 pp. (In Russian).
13. Fedorov R., Kuklina V., Sizov O. et al. Zooming in on Arctic urban nature: green and blue space in Nadym, Siberia // Environment Res. Lett. 2021. Vol. 16. № 7. 5009, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0fa3
14. Geneletti D., Cortinovis C., Zardo L., Esmail B.A. Reviewing Ecosystem Services in Urban Plans. Planning for Ecosystem Services in Cities. Springer Briefs in Environmental Science. 2020. Cham: Springer, 86 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20024-4
15. Green City Accord Brochure. Publication office EU, 2020. P. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2779/476324
16. Handbook of Research on International Collaboration, Economic Development, and Sustainability in the Arctic. (Ed. Vasilii Erokhin, Tianming Gao and Xiuhua Zhang). Chicago: IGI Global, 2019. P. 495–513. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6954-1.ch023
17. Hansen K., Rasmussen R., Weber R. Nordgeo working paper No 6: Proc. of the First International Conference on Urbanization. Arctic Conference. Ilimmarfik, Nuuk, Greenland. 2013. 212 p. URL: http://www.norden.org [Assessed 12.01.2020].
18. Kaluzkov V.N. Landscapes in cultural geography studies//Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Geographical series, 2008. № 4. P. 11–19. URL: https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/394 [Assessed: 20.12.2020] (In Russian with English summary).
19. Komarchev D., Krasovskaya T. Comparative characteristics of ecosystem services of the urban green infrastructure in the Temperate and Subarctic zones: Proc.of the IX. scientific-practical conference Ecological problems: A Look into the Future. Rostov-na- Donu, 2020. P. 351–356. (In Russian with English summary).
20. Maudsley A. North of the Arctic Circle: Ralph Erskine’s Mid-20th Century Urban Planning and Design Projects in Kiruna and Svappavaara. Urban Resilience in a Global Context. Bielefeld: Verlag, 2020. P. 57–76. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839450185-004
21. Nordh H., Østb K. Pocket parks for people – A study of park design and use//Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2013. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.11.003
22. McHale1 M., Pickett S., Barbosa O. et al. The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems // Sustainability, 2015. Vol. 7. № 5. P. 5211–5240. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7055211
23. Orttung R., Laruelle M. (Ed.) Urban Sustainability in the Arctic: Visions, Contexts, and Challenges. Washington, DC: The George Washington University Press, 2017. 496 pp. URL: http://www.academia.edu [Assessed 12.09.2020].
24. Pan H., Page J., Cong C., Barthel S., Kalantari Z. How ecosystems services drive urban growth: Integrating nature-based solutions// Anthropocene, 2021. Vol. 35. 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2021
25. Pilyasov A.N. Cities-bases of the Arctic Frontier // Geography issues, 2016. № 141. P. 503–529. (In Russian with English summary). https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20150901
26. Pilyasov A., Putilova E. Challenging the obvious: Arctic cities // Urban studies and practices, 2020. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 9–32. (In Russian with English summary). https://doi.org/10.17323/usp5120209-32
27. Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All. The UN New City Agenda, 2016. URL: http://www.habitat3.org [Assessed 15.02.2021].
28. Sellberg M., Wilkinson C, Peterson G. Resilience assessment: A useful approach to navigate urban sustainability challenges // Ecology and Society, 2015. Vol. 20. № 1. 43. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07258-200143
29. TEEB manual for cities: ecosystem services in urban management. 2011. P. 1–48. Available at: http://www.teeb.org [Assessed 15.04.2020].
30. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) for the Arctic: A Scoping Study: CAFF Assessment Series Report 12. Akureyri, Iceland, September 2015. 168 pp.
31. Theory and Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions. Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2017. 742. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5
32. Tikhonova T.V. Ecosystem services: ways of their practical application//Problems of territory’s development. 2019. № 1 (990. P. 25–39. https://doi.org/10.15838/ptd.2019/1/99.2
33. Urban Resilience in a Global Context. Actors, Narratives, and Temporalities. Bielefeld: Verlag, 2020. 217. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839450185
34. Zaykova E. Nature Restoration Technologies as a Tool for Urbanization Management: E3S Web of Conferences 263, 2021. 05037. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126305037
35. Zamyatin D.N. Post-Urbanism and Cold: Geo-cultural images and representations of cultural landscapes of Northern and Arctic cities // Bulletin of Archeology, Anthropology and Ethnography,2020. Vol. 4. № 51. P. 218–227. (In Russian with English summary). https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-51-4-19
36. Zamyatina N., Goncharov R. Arctic urbanization: phenomenon and comparative analysis // Bulletin of the Moscow University (Ser.5: Geography), 2020. № 4. P. 69–82. Available URL: http://www.vestnik5.geogr.msu.ru [Assessed 5.04.2021] (In Russian with English).
Supplementary files
Review
For citations:
Evseev A.V., Krasovskaya T.M. Small urban Parks in the Russian Arctic Cities: Priority Ecosystem Functions and Services Promoting City Resilience. Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society. 2022;154(5-6):36-46. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869607122050032
Views:
170
Email this article 