Unique Lakes as an Object of Scientific Interest
https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869607120030088
Abstract
As the network of specially protected natural areas develops and expands, the question of scientific substantiation often arises: is it possible to characterize this or that territory or water area as “unique”. Using the example of lake ecosystems it is proposed to consider the possibility of applying statistical approaches to such justification. Each lake ecosystem is different in its own way, however, in order to recognize its uniqueness, there must be a specific set of properties or characteristics indicating its exceptional nature. The article discusses the question of what kind of lakes can be considered as unique from a scientific perspective. It has been proposed to evaluate the uniqueness taking into account the analysis of samples constructed according to various characteristics (parameters) characterizing the lake ecosystems and the processes occurring in them. If all the lakes of the world are presented as a statistical aggregate with a set of characteristics (parameters) characterizing the lake ecosystems themselves and the processes occurring in them, then most of the samples built on these parameters based on real-world data can be described using theoretical distributions. At the same time, several parameters will have outliers that stand out drastically from the complete sample. Since the lake ecosystems are characterized by mutual dependence of the processes occurring in them, these outliers will be detected generally for the same units of the sample, i.e. for lakes that have abnormal values in a number of characteristics. At the same time, extreme values for one characteristic (parameter) can lead to the emergence of outliers in a number of parameters. These lakes should be considered as unique in terms of a statistics. This approach allows to distinguish not only the extreme values of any parameter, but also the values drastically standing out of the sample. It is especially important due to the multiplicity of small local lake systems which can be distinguished only with this approach. The article also analyzes non-parameterizable features that may indicate the uniqueness of the lake, since to this day expert assessments remain the main way to determine uniqueness, although it must be recognized that they have a certain subjectivity.
About the Authors
Sh. R. Pozdnyakov
Institute of Limnology RAS
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
A. V. Izmailova
Institute of Limnology RAS
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
A. M. Rasulova
Institute of Limnology RAS
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Alyokin O.A. K voprosu o himicheskoj klassifikacii prirodnyh vod // Voprosy gidrohimii. Tr. NIU GUGMS. 1946. Ser. 4. Vyp. 32. S. 25–39.
2. Baranov I.V. Limnologicheskie tipy ozyor SSSR. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1962. 276 s.
3. Berkin N.S., Makarov A.A., Rusinek O.T. Bajkalovedenie: uchebnoe posobie. Irkutsk: Izd-vo Irkutskogo gos. un-ta, 2009. 291 s.
4. Bogdanov V.V. Zonal’no-regional’nye svojstva limnogeneza i ih rol’ v klassifikacii i rajonirovanii ozyor // Geografo-gidrologicheskij metod issledovaniya vod sushi. L.: Izd-vo AN SSSR. Geogr. obshchestvo SSSR, 1984. S. 71–78.
5. Bogoslovskij B.B., Fil’ S.A. Klassifikaciya vodoyomov po vneshnemu vodoobmenu // Geografogidrologicheskij metod issledovaniya vod sushi. M.: Izd-vo AN SSSR. Geogr. obshchestvo SSSR, 1984. S. 54–60.
6. Vinberg G.G. Znacheniya novyh metodov limnologicheskogo issledovaniya dlya razrabotki tipologii ozyor // Tr. V nauchnoj konferencii po izucheniyu vnutrennih vod Pribaltiki. Minsk, 1959. S. 5–13.
7. GOST R ISO 16269-4–2017. Federal’noe agentstvo po tekhnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii. M.: Standartinform, 2017. 49 s.
8. Zotikov I.A., Daksberi N.S. O genezise ozera Vostok: Antarktida // Dokl. RAN. 2000. V. 370. № 6. S. 815–818.
9. Ivanov P.V. Klassifikaciya ozyor po velichine i po ih srednej glubine // Byul. LGU. 1948. № 21. S. 29–36.
10. Kitaev S.P. Ekologicheskie osnovy bioproduktivnosti ozyor razlichnyh prirodnyh zon. M.: Nauka, 1984. 208 s.
11. Kochkov N.V., Ryanzhin S.V. Metodika ocenki morfometricheskih harakteristik ozer s ispol’zovaniem sputnikovoj informacii // Vodnye resursy. 2016. V. 43. № 1. S. 1–6.
12. Maksimovich N.G., Meshcheryakova O.Yu., Demenev A.D. Unikal’nost’ karstovogo ozera CerikKyol’ (Goluboe ozero) v Kabardino-Balkarii // Ozyora Evrazii: problemy i puti ih resheniya. Petrozavodsk, 2017. S. 92–98.
13. Mihajlov V.N., Dobrovol’skij A.D. Obshchaya gidrologiya. M.: Vysshaya shk., 1991. 368 s.
14. Odum Yu. Ekologiya. V 2-h tomah. M.: Mir, 1986. V. 1. 328 s. V. 2. 376 s.
15. Parmuzin Yu.P. Geneticheskaya klassifikaciya ozyornyh kotlovin i skhema rajonirovaniya SSSR po ih rodam // Krugovorot veshchestva i energii v ozyornyh vodoyomah. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975. S. 106–114.
16. Popov S.V., Masolov V.N., Lukin V.V. Ozero Vostok, Vostochnaya Antarktida: moshchnost' lednika, glubina ozyora, podlyodnyj i korennoj rel’ef // Lyod i sneg. 2011. Vyp. 1(113). S. 25–35.
17. Rumyancev V.A., Drabkova V.G., Izmajlova A.V. Ozyora evropejskoj chasti Rossii. SPb.: Lema, 2015. 480 s.
18. Ryanzhin S.V. Sozdanie WORLDLAKE – bazy dannyh po ozeram i vodohranilishcham mira dlya shirokih limnologicheskih issledovanij: Vseros. Yubil. konf. RFFI Fundamental’nye issledovaniya vzaimodejstviya sushi, okeana i atmosfery. M.: Maks Press, 2002. S. 239–240.
19. Sulin V.A. Usloviya obrazovaniya, osnovy klassifikacii i sostav prirodnyh vod. M.–L.: Izd. AN SSSR, 1948. 108 c.
20. Teoreticheskie voprosy klassifikacii ozyor / Otv. red. N.P. Smirnova. SPb.: Nauka, 1993. 186 s.
21. Timoshkin O.A. Ozero Bajkal: raznoobrazie fauny, problemy eyo nesmeshivaemosti i proiskhozhdeniya, ekologiya i “ekzoticheskie” soobshchestva // Annotirovannyj spisok fauny ozera Bajkal i ego vodosbornogo bassejna. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2001. V. 1, kn. 1. S. 16–73.
22. Tihomirov A.I. Klassifikaciya ozyor umerennoj zony po termicheskomu rezhimu // Vsesoyuznyj Simpozium po osnovnym problemam presnovodnyh ozyor. Vil’nyus, 1970. V. 1. S. 174–185.
23. Carlson R.E. A trophic state index for lakes // Limnology and Oceangraphy. 1977. V. 22(2). P. 361–369.
24. Forel F.-A. Le Leman. Monographie limnologique. Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1904. V. 3. 715 p.
25. Hansen K. The dystrophic lake type // Hydrobiologia. 1962. V. 19. P. 183–191.
26. Horvatinčić N. Starost sedre Plitvičkih jezera // Priroda: mjesečnik za popularizaciju prirodnih znanosti i ekologije. 1999. V. 89. P. 20–22.
27. Hutchinson G.E. A treatise on limnology. Vol. 1. Geography, Physics and Chemistry. N.Y.: J. Wiley & Sons, 1957. 1015 p.
28. Hutchinson G.E., Loffler H. The thermal classification of lakes // Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the USA. 1956. V. 42(2). P. 84–86.
29. Kalff J. Limnology: Inland Water Ecosystems. N.Y.: Prentice Hall, 2002. 593 p.
30. Lake Tanganyika and its Life. London: Oxford University Press, 1991. 354 p.
31. Msukwa A. Ecological Aspects of the Ornamental Fish of Lake Malawi and their Impli-cations in Relation to Exploitation and Conservation // Proceeding of Lake Malawi fisheries management symposium. Malawi, 2001. P. 9–10.
32. Murray J., Pullar L. Bathymetrical Survey of the Scottish Fresh-Water Lochs. Edinburgh: Challenger Office, 1910. 658 p.
33. Ngatunga B. The need to maintain maximum biodiversity in Lake Nyasa, lessons drawn from other biodiversity disaster // Proceeding of Lake Malawi fisheries management symposium. Malawi, 2001. P. 6.
34. Ochumba P.B.O., Kibaara D.I. An instance of thermal instability in Lake Simbi, Kenya // Hydrobiologia. 1988. V. 158. P. 247–252.
35. Ohle W. Beitrage zur Produktionsbiologie der Gewasser // Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Suppl. 1955. V. 22(3/4). P. 456–479.
36. Pasternack G.B., Varecamp J.C. Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints // Bull. of Volcanology. 1997. V. 58. № 7. P. 528–538.
37. Pielou E.C. Shannon’s formula as a measure of species diversity: its use and measure // Amer. Natur. 1966. V. 100. P. 463–465.
38. Schwoerbel J. Handbook of Limnology. N.Y.: J. Wiley & Sons, 1987. 228 p.
39. Shannon C.E., Weaver W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press, 1949. 117 p.
40. Simpson E.H. Measurement of diversity. Nature. 1949. V. 163. 688 p.
41. Whipple G.C. Classifications of lakes according to temperature // American Naturalist. 1898. V. 32. P. 25–33.
42. Yoshimura S.A. A contribution to the knowledge of deep water temperature of Japanese lakes. Pt.1. Summer temperature Japan // J. Astronomy & Geophysics. 1936. V. 13. P. 20–61.
Review
For citations:
Pozdnyakov Sh.R., Izmailova A.V., Rasulova A.M. Unique Lakes as an Object of Scientific Interest. Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society. 2020;152(3):17-31. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869607120030088
Views:
110
Email this article 