Empirical Model of the Thermal Structure of a Small Polymictic Lake for Open Water Period

The influence of weather conditions on the formation of the thermal structure of a small polymictic lake in the temperate zone during the open water period was investigated on the basis of an analysis of the data of daily long-term (2007–2020) field measurements. It is shown that during the spring-summer heating of the Lake Vendyurskoe (Karelia) from May to the first half of August, the temperature of the upper water layer (2 m) is mainly influenced by synoptic air temperature variability. At medium depths (6 m), the influence of synoptic fluctuations in air temperature on water temperature significantly decreases, while the role of seasonal changes in heat accumulation increases. In the bottom layer (11 m), fluctuations in water temperature are mainly determined by episodes of complete mixing of the lake water mass during the passage of cyclones, that is, they depend on the intensification of winds, leading to the complete destruction of stratification. During the cooling period of the lake from the second half of August to the ice cover formation (November–December), against the background of a decrease in the role of synoptic variability, the influence of seasonal air temperature variability on water temperature increases. Fluctuations in air temperature explain more than 50% of the dispersion of epilimnion water temperature during the spring-summer heating and all layers of the water column during the autumn-winter cooling. An empirical model of the dependence of water temperature at different depths of the water column on synoptic and seasonal changes in air temperature for open water period has been developed. The model does not take into account heat exchange with bottom sediments, since in the period of open water surface, it is 1–2 orders of magnitude less than the total heat exchange with the atmosphere.

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